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Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century

Tekijä: Benjamin A. Valentino

JäseniäKirja-arvostelujaSuosituimmuussijaKeskimääräinen arvioMaininnat
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Benjamin A. Valentino finds that ethnic hatreds or discrimination, undemocratic systems of government, and dysfunctions in society play a much smaller role in mass killing and genocide than is commonly assumed. He shows that the impetus for mass killing usually originates from a relatively small group of powerful leaders and is often carried out without the active support of broader society. Mass killing, in his view, is a brutal political or military strategy designed to accomplish leaders' most important objectives, counter threats to their power, and solve their most difficult problems.In order to capture the full scope of mass killing during the twentieth century, Valentino does not limit his analysis to violence directed against ethnic groups, or to the attempt to destroy victim groups as such, as do most previous studies of genocide. Rather, he defines mass killing broadly as the intentional killing of a massive number of noncombatants, using the criteria of 50,000 or more deaths within five years as a quantitative standard. Final Solutions focuses on three types of mass killing: communist mass killings like the ones carried out in the Soviet Union, China, and Cambodia; ethnic genocides as in Armenia, Nazi Germany, and Rwanda; and "counter-guerrilla" campaigns including the brutal civil war in Guatemala and the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. Valentino closes the book by arguing that attempts to prevent mass killing should focus on disarming and removing from power the leaders and small groups responsible for instigating and organizing the killing.… (lisätietoja)
A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia. Yakovlev (1) Calamity and Reform in China: State; Rural Society; and Institutional Change Since the Great Leap Famine. Yang (1) China: A New History. Fairbank and Goldman (1) Chinas Secret Military Papers: 'Continuities' and 'Revelations'. Lewis. China Quarterly. 1964 (1) Collectivization and China's Agricultural Crisis in 1959-1961. Lin. Journal of Political Economy. 1990 (1) Cultural Revolution Conflict in the Villages. Unger. China Quarterly. 1988 (1) Enemies of the People. Thurston (1) Etninen puhdistus (2) Eugeniikka (2) Glimpses inside China's Gulag. Pasqualini. China Quarterly. 1993 (1) Historia (2) Kansainvälinen politiikka (2) Kansanmurha (7) Leadership and Mass Mobilization in the Soviet and Chinese Collectivization Campaigns of 1929-30 and 1955-56: A Comparison. Bernstein. China Quarterly. 1967 (1) Mass Politics in the People's Republic: State and Society in Contemporary China. Liu (1) New Light on the Origins of the Vietnam-Kampuchea Conflict. Kiernan. Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars. 1980 (1) Pol Pot Plans the Future: Confidential Leadership Documents from Democratic Kampuchea; 1976-1977. Chandler; Kiernan; and Boua (1) Politics and Purges in China: Rectification and the Decline of Party Norms; 1950-1965. Teiwes (1) Politiikan tutkimus (2) Rasismi (2) Rural Violence in Socialist China. Perry. China Quarterly. 1985 (1) Saltationist Socialism: Mao Zedong and the Great Leap Forward. Schoenhals (1) Sota (2) Stalinism; Famine; and Chinese Peasants: Grain Procurements during the Great Leap Forward. Bernstein. Theory and Society. 1984 (1) The Cultural Revolution in the Countryside: Scope; Timing and Human Impact. Walder and Su. China Quarterly. 2003 (1) The Origins of the Great Leap Forward: The Case of One Chinese Province. Domenach (1) The Politics of Agricultural Cooperativization in China: Mao; Deng Zihui; and the "High Tide" of 1955. Teiwes and Sun (1) The Secret Speeches of Chairman Mao: From the Hundred Flowers to the Great Leap Forward. MacFarquhar; Cheek; and Wu (1) The Transition to Socialism in China. Selden and Lippit (1) Transaction Costs and Peasants' Choice of Institutions: Did the Right to Exit Really Solve the Free Rider Problem in Chinese Collective Agriculture? Kung. Journal of Comparative Economics. 1993 (1)
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Benjamin A. Valentino finds that ethnic hatreds or discrimination, undemocratic systems of government, and dysfunctions in society play a much smaller role in mass killing and genocide than is commonly assumed. He shows that the impetus for mass killing usually originates from a relatively small group of powerful leaders and is often carried out without the active support of broader society. Mass killing, in his view, is a brutal political or military strategy designed to accomplish leaders' most important objectives, counter threats to their power, and solve their most difficult problems.In order to capture the full scope of mass killing during the twentieth century, Valentino does not limit his analysis to violence directed against ethnic groups, or to the attempt to destroy victim groups as such, as do most previous studies of genocide. Rather, he defines mass killing broadly as the intentional killing of a massive number of noncombatants, using the criteria of 50,000 or more deaths within five years as a quantitative standard. Final Solutions focuses on three types of mass killing: communist mass killings like the ones carried out in the Soviet Union, China, and Cambodia; ethnic genocides as in Armenia, Nazi Germany, and Rwanda; and "counter-guerrilla" campaigns including the brutal civil war in Guatemala and the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. Valentino closes the book by arguing that attempts to prevent mass killing should focus on disarming and removing from power the leaders and small groups responsible for instigating and organizing the killing.

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