Denis Winter

If the Korean War is America’s forgotten war, then the First World War may be the even more forgotten war for most of this country. In Europe, where the scars of war still dot the landscape, where cemeteries still mark the advance of the armies, and where village centers have monuments to those lost in 1914-18, the war is not forgotten. One of the major figures in that war was Sir Douglas Haig, Commander-in-chief of the British Armies from 1916 to the end of the war. His performance as commander, especially in the bloodbaths that were the Somme and Passchendaele. Denis Winter’s book, written in 1991 with newly released sources, paints a picture that is more troubling than had previously been known.

Winter was able to review newly released sources from Great Britain, but also did extensive research in the archives in Australia and the United States, where he realized that significant portions of the story have been hidden from view for years. In fact, Winter notes that “three conclusions emerged after processing this material. The first was that Haig had systematically falsified the record of his military career,” including his diary. Second, “that the official record of the war…had been systematically distorted both during the war as propaganda and after it, in the official history.” And finally, “huge gaps in the war’s documentation remain.” (pgs. 4-5).

According to Winter, Haig’s career owed more to who he knew, rather than any special skill. He received a 20% markup on his grades at Sandhurst, and his performance in the Boer War as a staff officer was solid but not outstanding and served in India following the end of the conflict. His performance in the early years of World War I, were poor, and the defeat at Loos in 1915 rests squarely on his shoulders. Winters writes that Haig’s “period of command, first of a corps, then of an army, had exposed grave professional weakness in a man whose rise had always owed more to intrigue and patronage than to any evidence of talent as a soldier.” (p.41)

When it comes to the battles of 1916-17, Winter is clear in his belief that Haig’s objective had been to fight a wearing out battle on the Somme, while the true breakthrough battle would be fought in Flanders. His inability to manage the battle and the British Army’s tactics – “which assumed war in the eighteenth-century style,” contributed to the brutal slaughter along the river Somme. (p. 61)

As 3rd Ypres approached, Haig and the British Army did little in the way of learning from the previous fighting of 1914-1916. For Winter, “what Haig should have been working towards, as the French and Germans perceived by 1917, were flexible barrages, infiltration methods and training in small groups. Haig’s orders demonstrate that all were beyond his grasp.” (p. 98) Instead, thousands of British and Commonwealth soldiers would be sacrificed in the mud of Flanders, even after all hope of a breakout victory was gone.

One of the weaknesses in the system that produced Haig was the widespread anti-intellectualism that permeated the British Army. One staff officer in the years before the war, “had made a point of questioning all of the officers and found out that 95 per cent had never read a military book of any sort.” (p. 134). This current of anti-intellectualism would continue even after the war had ended, as Elizabeth Keir noted in her book, Imagining War: French and British Military Doctrine Between the Wars. Officers were promoted based on time in service, rather than ability – and then only from the Old Army. Added to this, British policy worked against establishing a strong esprit de corps in the army as “drafts were thus sent as individuals to the first unit calling for men – a practice which effectively destroyed any comradeship which might have developed during training.” (p. 147).

Most appalling was the British government’s desire to erase the truth of what happened during these years. “The quantity of deception and downright lying dealt out by the British official historian makes astonishing reading today…Edmonds had been given very precise instructions on method and story when he began his work, and when the work was completed thirty years later that commission had been faithfully executed.” (p. 254-255).

Winter’s work helps to reframe the role that Sir Douglas Haig played in the Great War. There is not a lot of positive views here on Haig, and if you are looking for a more balanced view of the Field Marshal, you may want to look at Douglas Haig and the First World War, by J. P. Harris. But Winter has scoured archives has presents a disturbing picture of the lengths a nation will go to hide the truth. Everyone interested in the First World War should read this book.… (lisätietoja)

Generally speaking, the First World War was not one that lent itself to the romantic. For most of its participants, it was a war experienced in the tedium and mud of trench warfare, or in mighty warships sitting at anchor awaiting orders for the occasional sortie. Yet in the skies above the Western Front, groups of men fought a very different war, one often characterized by individual exploit and elements of chivalry that were lost in the battlefields below. In this book, Denis Winter examines the experiences of the pilots, the challenges they faced, and their efforts to cope with combat in a new medium.

Winter's book follows the same pattern as that of [b:Death's Men: Soldiers of the Great War|198298|Death's Men Soldiers of the Great War|Denis Winter|https://d.gr-assets.com/books/1388188606s/198298.jpg|191816], his earlier work examining the lives of men who fought on the Western Front. Through memoirs, manuals, and contemporary documents, he presents the rhythms of the aviator's experience, following them from their initial recruitment in England to their deployment to France. His focus is predominantly on the men of the Royal Flying Corps; the experiences of French and German aviators are only discussed to contrast them with those of their British counterparts or to illustrate a general point. The comparison is useful in setting out the uniquely British aspects of the aviator's service, such as the often amateurish approach the British took towards training the men to fly. More often, however, Winter lets the men speak for themselves, drawing liberally from firsthand accounts to convey the daily patterns of the air war, from the dawn patrol to the work of mechanics to prepare for the next day's activities.

Winter's book makes for a nice complement to more traditional histories of air combat in the First World War. Its flaws are ones of omission, as its narrow focus on the pilots on the Western Front generally ignores the experiences of those who fought and flew in the many other theaters of the war. This is particularly regrettable given Winter's ability as a writer; the book is informative and easy to read, presenting the men's lives with a clarity and insight that would have been appreciated had it been applied to examining the challenges of air combat on other fronts. Nevertheless, Winter succeeds in providing a good study of what life was like for the pilots of the canvas biplanes that soared above the trenches of France and Belgium, one that is highly recommended for anyone seeking to learn more about them.… (lisätietoja)