Contents Arnold Toynbee, The Classical Definition of the Industrial Revolution James Phillips Kay, Working-Class Conditions in the 1830s, Seen in Manchester by a Social Reformer Andrew Ure, Working-Class Conditions in the 1830s, Seen by an Enthusiast for the Factory System Thomas S. Ashton, Workers' Living Standards: An Early Modern Revision Eric J. Hobsbawm, Pessimism Re-Stated by a Modern Scholar Ronald M. Hartwell, Improvement Defended Paul Mantoux, The Destruction of the Peasant Village Jonathan D. Chambers and Gordon E. Mingay, Enclosures Not Guilty John L. and Barbara Hammond, The Rulers and the Masses Edward P. Thompson, Variety within the Working Class—and the Facts of Political Inequality R.S. Neale, The Labourers of Bath Sidney G. Checkland, Improvements Still Unachieved in the Later Nineteenth Century Phyllis Deane, An Attempted Summing-Up Suggestions for Additional Reading